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Photosynthetica - published by Springer
… is devoted to the investigation of photosynthesis, combining biochemical, biophysical and ecological approaches to the study of photosynthesis in plants
Soil salinity is one of the most severe factors limiting growth and physiological response in Raphanus sativus. In this study, the possible role of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in alleviating soil salinity stress during plant
growth under greenhouse conditions was investigated. Increasing salinity in the soil decreased plant growth, photosynthetic
pigments content, phytohormones contents (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA and gibberellic acid, GA3) and mineral uptake compared to soil without salinity. Seeds inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens caused significantly increase in fresh and dry masses of roots and leaves, photosynthetic pigments, proline, total free amino
acids and crude protein contents compared to noninoculated ones under salinity. The bacteria also increased phytohormones
contents (IAA and GA3) and the contents of N, P, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ but decreased ABA contents and Na+ and Cl? content which may contribute in part to activation of processes involved in the alleviation of the effect of salt.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-10
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0032-8
Authors
H. I. Mohamed, Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt
E. Z. Gomaa, Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Glomus mosseae on chlorophyll (Chl) content, Chl fluorescence parameters and chloroplast ultrastructure of beach plum seedlings under 2%
NaCl stress. The results showed that compared to control, both Chl a and Chl b contents of NaCl + G. mosseae treatment were significantly lower during the salt stress, while Chl a/b ratio increased significantly. The increase of minimal fluorescence of darkadapted state (F0), and the decrease of maximal fluorescence of dark-adapted state (Fm) and variable fluorescence (Fv) values were inhibited. The maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), the maximum energy transformation potential of PSII photochemistry (Fv/F0) and the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (?PSII) increased significantly, especially the latter two variables. The values of the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and the nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) were similar between G. mosseae inoculation and noninoculation. It could be concluded that G. mosseae inoculation could protect the photosystem II (PSII) of beach plum, enhance the efficiency of primary light energy conversion
and improve the primitive response of photosynthesis under salinity stress. Meanwhile, G. mosseae inoculation was beneficial to maintain the integrity of thylakoid membrane and to protect the structure and function of chloroplast,
which suggested that G. mosseae can alleviate the damage of NaCl stress to chloroplast.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-6
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0035-5
Authors
X. M. Zai, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300 PR China
S. N. Zhu, Horticulture Dept., Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038 P.R. China
P. Qin, Halophyte Research Lab, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 P.R. China
X. Y. Wang, Halophyte Research Lab, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 P.R. China
L. Che, Horticulture Dept., Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038 P.R. China
F. X. Luo, Horticulture Dept., Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038 P.R. China
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Glomus mosseae on chlorophyll (Chl) content, Chl fluorescence parameters and chloroplast ultrastructure of beach plum seedlings under 2%
NaCl stress. The results showed that compared to control, both Chl a and Chl b contents of NaCl + G. mosseae treatment were significantly lower during the salt stress, while Chl a/b ratio increased significantly. The increase of minimal fluorescence of darkadapted state (F0), and the decrease of maximal fluorescence of dark-adapted state (Fm) and variable fluorescence (Fv) values were inhibited. The maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), the maximum energy transformation potential of PSII photochemistry (Fv/F0) and the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (?PSII) increased significantly, especially the latter two variables. The values of the photochemical quenching coefficient (qP)
and the nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) were similar between G. mosseae inoculation and noninoculation. It could be concluded that G. mosseae inoculation could protect the photosystem II (PSII) of beach plum, enhance the efficiency of primary light energy conversion
and improve the primitive response of photosynthesis under salinity stress. Meanwhile, G. mosseae inoculation was beneficial to maintain the integrity of thylakoid membrane and to protect the structure and function of chloroplast,
which suggested that G. mosseae can alleviate the damage of NaCl stress to chloroplast.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-6
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0037-3
Authors
X. M. Zai, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300 PR China
S. N. Zhu, Horticulture Dept., Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038 P.R. China
P. Qin, Halophyte Research Lab, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 P.R. China
X. Y. Wang, Halophyte Research Lab, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 P.R. China
L. Che, Horticulture Dept., Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038 P.R. China
F. X. Luo, Horticulture Dept., Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038 P.R. China
Plants are constantly subjected to variations in their surrounding environment, which affect their functioning in different
ways. The influence of environmental factors on the physiology of plants depends on several factors including the intensity,
duration and frequency of the variation of the external stimulus. Water deficit is one of the main limiting factors for agricultural
production worldwide and affects many physiological processes in plants. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects
of different rates of induced water deficit on the leaf photosynthetic responses of soybean (Glycine max L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). The plants were subjected to two types of water deficit induction: a rapid induction (RD) by which detached leaves were
dehydrated by the exposure to air under controlled conditions and a slow induction (SD) by suspending irrigation under greenhouse
conditions. The leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence, and relative water content (RWC) were analysed throughout the water-deficit induction. V. unguiculata and G. max demonstrated similar dehydration as the soil water percentage declined under SD, with V. unguiculata showing a greater stomatal sensitivity to reductions in the RWC. V. unguiculata plants were more sensitive to water deficit, as determined by all of the physiological parameters when subjected to RD, and
the net photosynthetic rate (PN) was sharply reduced in the early stages of dehydration. After the plants exposed to the SD treatment were rehydrated, V. unguiculata recovered 65% of the PN in relation to the values measured under the control conditions (initial watering state), whereas G. max recovered only 10% of the PN. Thus, the better stomatal control of V. unguiculata could enable the maintenance of the RWC and a more efficient recovery of the PN than G. max.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0036-4
Authors
S. C. Bertolli, Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
G. L. Rapchan, Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
G. M. Souza, Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
The ecophysiological traits of acacia and eucalypt are important in assessing their suitability for afforestation. We measured
the gas-exchange rate, the leaf dry mass per area (LMA) and the leaf nitrogen content of two acacia and four eucalypt species.
Relative to the eucalypts, the acacias had lower leaf net photosynthetic rate (PN), lower photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE), higher water-use efficiency (WUE), higher LMA and higher leaf nitrogen
per unit area (Narea). No clear differences were observed within or between genera in the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) or the maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax), although these parameters tended to be higher in eucalypts. PNUE and LMA were negatively correlated. We conclude that acacias
with higher LMA do not allocate nitrogen efficiently to photosynthetic system, explaining why their PN and PNUE were lower than in eucalypts.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0033-7
Authors
E. Novriyanti, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
M. Watanabe, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8580 Japan
K. Makoto, The Climate Impact Research Center, Umeå University, Abisko, 981 07 Sweden
T. Takeda, Oji Paper Co. Ltd., Tomakomai, Japan
Y. Hashidoko, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8580 Japan
T. Koike, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8580 Japan
Plant density, planting time, harvest timing, and nitrogen influence on short-term gas-exchange properties of carrot cultivars,
Topcut and Sugarsnax (Daucus carota L.) were investigated under field conditions. Net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E) differed significantly with the cultivars studied. Both planting and harvest timing changed the midday PN rates. PN increased as harvest timing advanced regardless of planting time. Late planting combined with late harvesting registered
the maximum PN rates (4.5 ?mol m?2 s?1). The water-use efficiency (WUE) was altered by temperature at different harvest timings along with the choice of cultivar.
Early harvested Sugarsnax had a higher WUE (2.29 mmol mol?1) than TopCut (1.64 mmol mol?1) as Sugarsnax exhibited more stomatal conductance than TopCut. These changes were principally governed by fluctuations observed
with air temperature and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and altered by the sensitivity of the cultivars to ecological
factors. Plant density did not affect the photosynthetic gas-exchange parameters. Our results suggest that carrots manage
high population density solely through morphological adaptations with no photosynthetic adjustments. Carrot leaves responded
to N application in a curvilinear fashion in both cultivars. N did not alter gs, E, or WUE in carrots. N, applied at a rate of 150 kg N ha?1, increased foliar N up to 2.98%. We conclude that 2.98% of foliar N is sufficient to achieve the maximum photosynthetic rates
in processing carrots.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0034-6
Authors
A. Thiagarajan, Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, P. O. Box 550, Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3
R. Lada, Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, P. O. Box 550, Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3
A. Adams, Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, P. O. Box 550, Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3
We have developed a simple and an effective method for the isolation of photochemically active broken chloroplasts from conifer
needles that can be applied for a wide variety of conifer species with needle-like leaves. The utilisation of this method
in photosynthetic studies offers a possibility to examine the efficiency of almost any component of thylakoid electron-transport
chain and to disclose information about individual parts of primary photosynthetic processes that would be otherwise difficult
to obtain. Various aspects influencing the outcome of this procedure, including the amount of needles necessary for sufficient
yields, the possible length and the conditions of their storage, the best method for their disruption, the composition and
pH of isolation and storage buffers, the centrifugation sequence, etc., are discussed.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-14
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0028-4
Authors
D. Holá, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czechoslovakia
M. Ko?ová, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czechoslovakia
O. Rothová, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czechoslovakia
E. Hlízová, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Vini?ná 5, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
L. Fridrichová, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czechoslovakia
Z. Lhotáková, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Vini?ná 5, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
J. Albrechtová, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Vini?ná 5, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
Leaf canopy plays a determining role influencing source-sink relations as any change in source activity (photosynthesis) affects
sink metabolism. Defoliation (removal of leaves) influences growth and photosynthetic capacity of plants, remobilizes carbon
and nitrogen reserves and accelerates sink metabolism, leading to improved source-sink relations.
The response of plants to defoliation could be used to manipulate source-sink relations by removing lower and senescing leaves
to obtain greatest photosynthetic capacity and efficient carbon and nitrogen metabolism under optimal and stressful environments.
The present work enhances our current understanding on the physiological responses of plants to defoliation and elaborates
how defoliation influences growth, photosynthetic capacity and source-sink relations under optimal and changing environmental
conditions.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Review
Pages 1-10
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0029-3
Authors
N. Iqbal, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002 India
A. Masood, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002 India
N. A. Khan, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002 India
The relationship between light-saturated photosynthetic capacity (Pmax) and leaf nitrogen (N) content was investigated for one year in a 15-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa canopy and was compared with a Cryptomeria japonica canopy previously described. The linear regression between Pmax and leaf N content tended to converge toward a single line segment from July to January and in May for C. obtusa. The slope of the linear regression between Pmax and leaf N content of C. obtusa was gentler than that of C. japonica. The smaller regression coefficient of C. obtusa may reflect species differences in nitrogen nutrition requirements between C. obtusa and C. japonica. A pronounced decrease in the slope of the linear regression lines due to low temperature was observed in February and March.
During this period, Pmax of C. obtusa declined more than that of C. japonica suggesting that C. obtusa is less tolerant to low temperatures than C. japonica.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Brief Communication
Pages 1-4
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0030-x
Authors
H. Kobayashi, Research Institute of Kyushu University Forests, Fukuoka, 811-2415 Japan
S. Inoue, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
K. Gyokusen, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
Photosynthetic organs are often characterized by anthocyanins being accumulated either in the epidermal or in the mesophyll
cells making these tissues to turn reddish-brown in colour. It has been hypothesized that these pigments protect underlying
chloroplasts from light-stress because they absorb photons of the photosynthetically active waveband. However, the photoprotective
role of anthocyanins has not been undoubtedly shown on a broad range of species. In this study, green and anthocyanic areas
of leaves of Pelargonium × hortorum, the latter possessing variable levels of anthocyanins, were compared using pigment analysis and pulse amplitude modulated
in vivo chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence. Quenching analysis of the induction and dark relaxation curves of slow Chl fluorescence kinetics
showed that at photoinhibitory conditions [by applying above-saturation light intensity of 1,600 ?mol(quantum) m?2 s?1 white light at low (4°C) temperature], anthocyanic areas were at least equally sensitive to photoinhibition as green leaf
areas. In fact, the level of photoinhibition tended to be proportional to the level of anthocyanin accumulation suggesting
that this characteristic was indicative of the photoinhibitory risk. The results of the present study clearly show that anthocyanins
in leaf areas of Pelargonium do not afford a photoprotective advantage.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0031-9
Authors
G. Liakopoulos, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
I. Spanorigas, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
One broad-leaved pioneer tree, Alnus formosana, two broad-leaved understory shrubs, Ardisia crenata and Ardisia cornudentata, and four ferns with different light adaptation capabilities (ranked from high to low, Pyrrosia lingus, Asplenium antiquum, Diplazium donianum, Archangiopteris somai) were used to elucidate the light responses of photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate (ETR). Pot-grown materials
received up to 3 levels of light intensity, i.e., 100%, 50% and 10% sunlight. Both gas exchange and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence were measured simultaneously by an equipment
under constant temperature and 7 levels (0–2,000 ?mol m?2 s?1) of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Plants adapted to-or acclimated to high light always had higher light-saturation
point and maximal photosynthetic rate. Even materials had a broad range of photosynthetic capacity [maximal photosynthetic
rate ranging from 2 to 23 ?mol(CO2) m?2 s?1], the ratio of ETR to gross photosynthetic rate (PG) was close for A. formosana and the 4 fern species when measured under constant temperature, but the PPFD varied. In addition, P. lingus and A. formosana grown under 100% sunlight and measured at different seasonal temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30°C) showed increased ETR/PG ratio with increasing temperature and could be fitted by first- and second-order equations, respectively. With this equation,
estimated and measured PG were closely correlated (r2 = 0.916 and r2 = 0.964 for P. lingus and A. formosana, respectively, p<0.001). These equations contain only the 2 easily obtained dynamic indicators, ETR and leaf temperature. Therefore, for some
species with near ETR/PG ratio in differential levels of PPFD, these equations could be used to simulate dynamic variation of leaf scale photosynthetic
rate under different temperature and PPFD conditions.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0027-5
Authors
S. -L. Wong, Division of Botany, Endemic Species Research Institute, Chichi, Nantou, Taiwan
C. -W. Chen, Graduate Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
H. -W. Huang, Division of Botany, Endemic Species Research Institute, Chichi, Nantou, Taiwan
J. -H. Weng, Graduate Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
The study was carried out in a four-year-old super-high density olive grove in Central Italy to compare leaf gas exchanges
of Spanish Arbequina and Italian Maurino olive cultivars. Overall, from mid July to mid November, Maurino had a slightly higher
maximum light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (PNmax) than Arbequina. The lowest and the highest PNmax values were recorded at the end of July and in mid November, respectively. Current-season leaves showed similar or slightly
higher PNmax values than one-year-old leaves. During the day Maurino always had slightly higher values or values similar to Arbequina,
with the highest PNmax being in the morning. Maurino had similar or higher dark respiration rate (RD) values compared to Arbequina. During the day, in both cultivars the RD was lower at 9:00 than in the afternoon. The pattern of the photosynthetic irradiance-response curve was similar in the two
genotypes, but the apparent quantum yield (YQ) was higher in Maurino. In both cultivars intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) tended to increase when PNmax decreased. The increase in Ci corresponded to a decrease in stomatal conductance (gs). The transpiration rate (E) increased from mid July to the beginning of August, then decreased in September and increased again in November. Particularly
in the morning, the current-season leaves showed similar or slightly higher E values than the one-year-old leaves. During the day, in both cultivars and at both leaf ages, E was higher in the afternoon. No effects on leaf gas exchanges due to the presence or absence of fruit on the shoot were found.
Overall, there was satisfactory physiological adaptation for Arbequina to the conditions of Central Italy and for Maurino
to the superintensive grove conditions.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0025-7
Authors
P. Proietti, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
L. Nasini, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
L. Ilarioni, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus deserticola (Trappe and John) on plant growth, nutrition, flower yield, water relations, chlorophyll (Chl) contents and water-use efficiency
(WUE) of snapdragon (Antirhinum majus cv. butterfly) plants were studied in potted culture under well-watered (WW) and water-stress (WS) conditions. The imposed
water stress condition significantly reduced all growth parameters, nutrient contents, flower yield, water relations, and
Chl pigment content and increased the electrolyte leakage of the plants comparing to those of nonstressed plants. Regardless
of the WS level, the mycorrhizal snapdragon plants had significantly higher shoot and root dry mass (DM), WUE, flower yield,
nutrient (P, N, K, Mg, and Ca) and Chl contents than those nonmycorrhizal plants grown both under WW or WS conditions. Under
WS conditions, the AM colonization had greatly improved the leaf water potential (?w), leaf relative water content (RWC) and reduced the leaf electrolyte leakage (EL) of the plants. Although the WS conditions
had markedly increased the proline content of the leaves, this increase was significantly higher in nonmycorrhizal than in
mycorrhizal plants. This suggests that AM colonization enhances the host plant WS tolerance. Values of benefit and potential
dry matter for AM-root associations were highest when plants were stressed and reduced under WW conditions. As a result, the
snapdragon plants showed a high degree of dependency on AM fungi which improve plant growth, flower yield, water relations
particularly under WS conditions, and these improvements were increased as WS level had increased. This study confirms that
AM colonization can mitigate the deleterious effect of water stress on growth and flower yield of the snapdragon ornamental
plant.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-12
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0024-8
Authors
A. A. Asrar, Plant production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
G. M. Abdel-Fattah, Plant production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
K. M. Elhindi, Plant production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
The specificity factor of Rubisco (Sf) was estimated in intact leaves from the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) at various CO2/O2 ratios. As oxygenation is calculated by the difference of the 14CO2 uptake by RuBP in the absence and presence of oxygen, it is important to choose the optimum CO2/O2 ratios. At high CO2 concentration (1,000 cm3 m?3 and higher) oxygenation consumes less than 50% RuBP but the difference of concentrations of CO2 at cell walls (Cw) and at the carboxylation centers (Cc) is 2–5% and the influence of mesophyll resistance (rmd) is of minor importance. To accumulate large endogenous pool of RuBP, the leaves were preilluminated in the CO2- and O2-free gas environments for 8 to 10 s. Thereafter the light was switched off and the leaves were flushed with the gas containing
different concentrations of 14CO2 and O2. The specificity factor of Rubisco was calculated from the amount of the tracer taken up under different 14CO2/O2 ratios by the exhaustion of the RuBP pool. Application of 14CO2 allowed us to discriminate between the CO2 uptake and the concurrent respiratory CO2 release which proceeded at the expense of unlabelled intermediates.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-7
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0026-6
Authors
J. Viil, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014 Estonia
H. Ivanova, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014 Estonia
T. Pärnik, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014 Estonia
The Amur Grape (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) cultivars ’shuangFeng’ and ‘ZuoShanyi’ were grown in shelter greenhouse under natural sunlight and subjected to drought.
Sap flow rate, net photosynthetic rate (PN), and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence were measured on Amur Grape leaves subjected to different drought treatments. Significant
decreases in PN were associated with increasing intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), suggesting that the reduction in PN was caused by nonstomatal limitation. Analysis of OJIP transients according to the JIP-test protocol revealed that specific
(per PSII reaction center) energy fluxes for light absorption, excitation energy trapping and electron transport have significantly
changed. The appearance of a pronounced K-step and J-step in polyphasic rise of fluorescence transient suggested the oxygen-evolving
complex and electron transport were inhibited. Drought stress has relatively little effect on the parameter maximal quantum
yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), but the performance index (PIABS) is more sensitive in different drought treatment. There are cultivar differences in the
response of PSII activity to drought, the photosynthetic apparatus of ‘ZuoShanyi’ cultivar is more resistant to drought than
that of ‘ShuangFeng’, and JIP-test could be a useful indicator for evaluation and selection to drought tolerance.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0023-9
Authors
Z. X. Wang, Laboratory of Special Wild Plant Physiology, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, JiLin, 132109 China
L. Chen, Laboratory of Special Wild Plant Physiology, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, JiLin, 132109 China
J. Ai, Laboratory of Special Wild Plant Physiology, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, JiLin, 132109 China
H. Y. Qin, Laboratory of Special Wild Plant Physiology, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, JiLin, 132109 China
Y. X. Liu, Laboratory of Special Wild Plant Physiology, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, JiLin, 132109 China
P. L. Xu, Laboratory of Special Wild Plant Physiology, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, JiLin, 132109 China
Z. Q. Jiao, Laboratory of Special Wild Plant Physiology, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, JiLin, 132109 China
Y. Zhao, Laboratory of Special Wild Plant Physiology, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, JiLin, 132109 China
Q. T. Zhang, Laboratory of Special Wild Plant Physiology, Institute of Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, JiLin, 132109 China
Photosynthesis is one of the most important processes in plant biology and in the development of new methodologies that allow
a better understanding and characterization of the photosynthetic status of organisms, which is invaluable. Flow cytometry
(FCM) is an excellent tool for measuring fluorescence and physical proprieties of particles but it has seldom been used in
photosynthetic studies and thus the full extent of its potentialities, in this field of research, remains unknown. To determine
the suitability of FCM in photosynthesis studies, pea plants were exposed to Paraquat and their status was analyzed during
24 h. FCM was used to evaluate the integrity (volume and internal complexity) and the relative fluorescence intensity (FL)
of chloroplasts extracted from those plants. To elucidate which type of information the FL conveys, FL values were correlated
with the minimum fluorescence level (F0), maximum fluorescence level (Fm) and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), obtained by using Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation (PAM) fluorometry. Results indicate that: (1) the biomarkers used to evaluate the structural integrity of the chloroplasts were more sensitive to Paraquat exposure than
the ones related to fluorescence; (2) the variation of the chloroplast’s structure, as time progressed, pointed to a swelling and subsequent burst of the chloroplast
which, in turn, compromised fluorescence emission; (3) FL presented a high and significant correlation with the Fv/Fm and to a lesser degree with Fm but not with F0; (4) pigment content did not reveal significant changes in response to Paraquat exposure and is in agreement with the proposed
model, suggesting that the cause for fluorescence decrease is due to chloroplast disruption. In sum, FCM proved to be an outstanding
technique to evaluate chloroplastidal functional and structural status and therefore it should be regarded as a valuable asset
in the field of photosynthetic research.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0022-x
Authors
E. Rodriguez, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Cytomics, CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
R. Azevedo, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Cytomics, CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
A. Costa, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Cytomics, CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
J. Serôdio, Phycology Laboratory, CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
C. Santos, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Cytomics, CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
RNA gel hybridization showed that the expression of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) in the wild type (WT) tomato was
decreased firstly and then increased under salt- and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress, and the maximum level
was observed after treatment for 12 h. WT, sense transgenic and antisense transgenic tomato plants were used to analyze the
antioxidative ability to cope with osmotic stresses. After salt stress, the fresh mass (FM) and height of sense transgenic
lines were greater than those of antisense lines and WT plants. Under salt and PEG treatments, sense transgenic plants showed
a lower level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), a higher net photosynthetic rate (PN), and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) compared with WT and antisense transgenic plants. Moreover, sense lines maintained higher ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity
than WT and antisense plants under salt- and PEG-induced osmotic stress. These results indicate that chloroplastic MDHAR plays
an important role in alleviating photoinhibition of PSII by elevating ascorbate (AsA) level under salt- and PEG-induced osmotic
stress.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 120-128
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0021-y
Authors
F. Li, Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002 P.R. China
Q. Y. Wu, The Key Laboratory of Transplantation Immunity, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002 P.R. China
M. Duan, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018 P.R. China
X. C. Dong, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018 P.R. China
B. Li, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018 P.R. China
Q. W. Meng, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018 P.R. China
In the pursuit of knowledge on the biological behavior of Brazilian Atlantic Forest tree species, this study evaluated the
susceptibility of the light-demanding species, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi., Pseudobombax grandiflorum (Cav.) A. Robyns and Joannesia princeps Vell., and of the shade-tolerant species, Hymenaea courbaril L. var. stilbocarpa and Lecythis pisonis Camb, to photoinhibition and acclimation capacity. These species were first cultivated under two irradiance conditions, I20 (20% direct sunlight radiation) and I100 (all-sky or direct sunlight) and then transferred from I20 to I100. The effects of the sudden increase in light radiation intensity on photosynthetic activity were then evaluated through chlorophyll
(Chl) fluorescence imaging, HPLC xanthophylls analysis, and cell membrane lipid peroxidation measurements. Light-demanding
species were found to present a higher photochemical efficiency and higher acclimation capacity under high light irradiance
than shade-tolerant species. The higher photoinhibition tolerance observed in light-demanding species was associated to their
higher capacity for photochemical dissipation and dissipation of excess excitation energy via the xanthophyll cycle, leading to a lower ROS generation. The obtained results suggested that a knowledge of acclimation
capacity, by means of Chl fluorescence imaging yields, is a useful indicator of species successional grouping.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 95-108
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0018-6
Authors
L. Dos Anjos, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (DBV/UFV), Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36571-000 Brazil
M. A. Oliva, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (DBV/UFV), Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36571-000 Brazil
K. N. Kuki, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (DBV/UFV), Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36571-000 Brazil
In this work, the injuries caused by clethodim herbicide application as well as the use of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) as
a protective agent against clethodim in Zea mays leaves were examined. Although the target for clethodim is the inhibition of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) which
is the key enzyme for fatty acid biosynthesis, it can indirectly affect the photosynthetic machinery, gaseous exchange and
some biochemical parameters. Clethodim application caused chlorosis and yellowing of leaf-tip parts. Higher doses caused browning
or reddening of leaves and sometimes dead parts of the leaf margins were observed. The rate of photosynthesis was significantly
lowered and the pigments content was highly reduced as a response to clethodim spraying. Moreover, other gas-exchange properties
were altered. Furthermore, accumulation of high amounts of carbohydrates, proteins and proline were detected. SA spraying
three days prior clethodim application caused partially or totally disappearance of clethodim injuries and kept the leaves
similar to those of control. Improved photosynthesis and enhanced pigments content were observed in leaves treated with SA.
Other analyzed parameters showed values similar to those of the corresponding control. From the experimental work, an evidenced
role of SA working against clethodim effects was suggested and discussed in this paper.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0016-8
Authors
D. E. M. Radwan, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524 Egypt
D. M. Soltan, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524 Egypt
Pulses of rainfall are particularly pivotal in controlling plant physiological processes in ecosystems controlled by limited
water, and the response of desert plants to rainfall is a key to understanding the responses of desert ecosystems to global
climatic change. We used a portable photosynthesis system to measure the responses of the diurnal course of photosynthesis,
light-response curves, and CO2-response curves of two desert shrubs (Nitraria sphaerocarpa Maxim. and Calligonum mongolicum Turcz) to a rainfall pulse in a desert-oasis ecotone in northwestern China. The photosynthetic parameters, light- and CO2-response curves differed significantly before and after the rainfall pulse. Their maximum net photosynthetic rate (PN) values were 23.27 and 32.92 ?mol(CO2) m?2 s?1 for N. sphaerocarpa and C. mongolicum, respectively, with corresponding maximum stomatal conductance (gs) values of 0.47 and 0.39 mol(H2O) m?2 s?1. The PN of N. sphaerocarpa after the rainfall was 1.65 to 1.75 times the value before rainfall, whereas those of C. mongolicum increased to approximately 2 times the prerainfall value, demonstrating the importance of the desert plants response by improving
their assimilation rate to precipitation patterns under a future climate.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 109-119
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0015-9
Authors
B. Liu, Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Inland River Ecohydrology, Cold and Arid Regions, Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
W. Z. Zhao, Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Inland River Ecohydrology, Cold and Arid Regions, Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
Z. J. Wen, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 China
The aim of this work was to study the acclimation of photosynthesis in a boreal grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) grown in controlled environment chambers under elevated temperature (ambient + 3.5°C) and CO2 (700 ?mol mol?1) with varying soil water regimes. More specifically, we studied, during two development stages (early: heading; late: florescence
completed), how the temperature response of light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (Psat), maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity (Vcmax) and potential rate of electron transport (Jmax) acclimatized to the changed environment. During the early growing period, we found a greater temperature-induced enhancement
of Psat at higher measurement temperatures, which disappeared during the late stage. Under elevated growth temperature, Vcmax and Jmax at lower measurement temperatures (5–15°C) were lower than those under ambient growth temperature during the early period.
When the measurements were done at 20–30°C, the situation was the opposite. During the late growing period, Vcmax and Jmax under elevated growth temperature were consistently lower across measurement temperatures. CO2 enrichment significantly increased Psat with higher intercellular CO2 compared to ambient CO2 treatment, however, elevated CO2 slightly decreased Vcmax and Jmax across measurement temperatures, probably due to down-regulation acclimation. For two growing periods, soil water availability
affected the variation in photosynthesis and biochemical parameters much more than climatic treatment did. Over two growing
periods, Vcmax and Jmax were on average 36.4 and 30.6%, respectively, lower with low water availability compared to high water availability across
measurement temperatures. During the late growing period, elevated growth temperature further reduced the photosynthesis under
low water availability. Vcmax and Jmax declined along with the decrease in nitrogen content of leaves as growing period progressed, regardless of climatic treatment
and water regime. We suggest that, for grass species, seasonal acclimation of the photosynthetic parameters under varying
environmental conditions needed to be identified to fairly estimate the whole-life photosynthesis.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 141-151
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0014-x
Authors
Z. -M. Ge, School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
X. Zhou, School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
S. Kellomäki, School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
H. Peltola, School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
P. J. Martikainen, Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
K. Y. Wang, School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
Competition plays an important role in the replacement of native species by alien plants. A greenhouse experiment was conducted
to investigate whether the competition pattern of alien Robinia pseudoacacia L. and native Quercus acutissima Carr. is affected by soil sterilization. Physiological traits, such as gas-exchange parameters and chlorophyll (Chl) content,
and growth traits, such as the biomass accumulation of the two species, were examined in natural soil or in soil sterilized
with benomyl. The results show that native Q. acutissima inhibits the growth of R. pseudoacacia in natural soil. When the two plants coexisted and competed under sterilization treatment, R. pseudoacacia was less inhibited by Q. acutissima and the competition of R. pseudoacacia decreased the growth of Q. acutissima in terms of biomass, Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, and Chl a/b. These results suggest that soil sterilization benefits the growth of R. pseudoacacia and changes the competition pattern by the changed soil biota. Soil sterilization increased the biomass of root nodules,
which ultimately benefits the growth of R. pseudoacacia and root nodule bacteria may be important in the dispersal and invasion process of nitrogen-fixing alien plants such as R. pseudoacacia.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 77-85
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0013-y
Authors
H. Chen, Institute of Environment Research, Shandong University, No.27 Shandanan Road, Jinan, 250100 P.R. China
R. Q. Wang, Institute of Environment Research, Shandong University, No.27 Shandanan Road, Jinan, 250100 P.R. China
X. L. Ge, Institute of Environment Research, Shandong University, No.27 Shandanan Road, Jinan, 250100 P.R. China
J. Zhang, Institute of Environment Research, Shandong University, No.27 Shandanan Road, Jinan, 250100 P.R. China
N. Du, Institute of Environment Research, Shandong University, No.27 Shandanan Road, Jinan, 250100 P.R. China
W. Wang, Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 P.R. China
J. Liu, Institute of Environment Research, Shandong University, No.27 Shandanan Road, Jinan, 250100 P.R. China
In China, narrow-wide row planting pattern has been advocated for maize (Zea mays L.) production. However, no previous study has clearly elucidated the complexity of factors affecting maize canopy such as
the microclimatic factors, and the effect of photosynthesis in narrow-wide row planting pattern. The current study was undertaken
to identify the planting patterns that influence microclimatic conditions and photosynthesis of two maize cultivars (Beiyu288
and Xianyu335) grown in three planting patterns: narrow-wide rows of (1) 30 cm + 170 cm (P1, 6.4 plants m?2), and (2) 40 cm + 90 cm (P2, 6.4 plants m?2), and (3) uniform row of 65 cm (CK, conventional row as control, 6.4 plants m?2). Light interception, temperature, relative humidity (RH), CO2 concentration, and leaf photosynthesis within the canopy were measured in each planting treatment at the grain-filling stage.
The net photosynthetic rate (PN), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), and temperature of the narrow-wide row exceeded that of the conventional row. The CO2 concentration and RH of the narrow-wide row were lower than CK by 50 cm strata. The narrow-wide row had a more uniform light
intercepted at the whole canopy profile. The results of the current study suggest that narrow-wide row-planting pattern has
a positive effect on canopy microclimate factors and promotes photosynthesis.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0011-0
Authors
T. D. Liu, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinlin, Changchun, 130012 China
F. B. Song, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinlin, Changchun, 130012 China
A portable open gas-exchange system (Li-6400, Li-Cor, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) has been widely used for the measurement of net gas exchanges and calibration/parameterization of leaf
models. Measurement errors due to diffusive leakage rates of water vapor (LW) and CO2 (LC) between inside and outside of the leaf chamber, and the inward dark transpiration rate (DW) and dark respiration rate (DC) released from the leaf under the gasket, can be significant. Rigorous model-based approaches were developed for estimating
leakage coefficients of water vapor (KW) and CO2 (KC) and correcting for the combination of these errors. Models were based on mass balance equations and the Dusty Gas Model
for a ternary gas mixture of water vapor, CO2, and dry air. Experiments were conducted using two Li-6400 systems with potato and soybean leaves. Results indicated that models were reliable for estimating KW and KC, and the values varied with instrument, chamber size, gasket condition, and leaf structure. A thermally killed leaf should
be used for this determination. Measurement error effects on parameterization of the Farquhar et al. (1980) model as determined by PN/Ci curves were substantial and each parameter had its own sensitivity to measurement errors. Results also indicated that all
four error sources should be accounted for when correcting measurements.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-16
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0012-z
Authors
Q. Wang, Wye Research and Education Center, University of Maryland, Queenstown, MD 21658, USA
D. H. Fleisher, USDA-ARS Crop Systems and Global Change Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
D. Timlin, USDA-ARS Crop Systems and Global Change Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
V. R. Reddy, USDA-ARS Crop Systems and Global Change Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
J. A. Chun, USDA-ARS Crop Systems and Global Change Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
We present here a bibliometric analysis of publications on photosynthesis research from 1992 to 2009 in the Science Citation
Index Expanded (SCI-Expanded) Web of Science. This has allowed us to examine the growing trends and the key topics on this
subject. We have assessed the document type, language of the publications, publication output, subject category, journal distribution,
countries and territories of these publications, institutions involved, hot topics and highly cited papers. The top 30 countries/territories
were ranked according to their total number of articles (TA), single country articles (SCA), internationally collaborative
articles (ICA), first author articles (FAA) and corresponding author articles (CAA). Research directions on the subject of
photosynthesis were also investigated and evaluated by statistically analyzing the distribution of author keywords in the
database. Our analysis indicates that “water”, “stress”, “carbon dioxide”, “nitrogen” and “climate change” are hot topics
of research on photosynthesis during this period.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 5-14
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0010-1
Authors
J. J. Yu, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 P.R. China
M. H. Wang, Department of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 P.R. China
M. Xu, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
Y. S. Ho, Trend Research Centre, Asia University, Taichung, 41354 Taiwan
The major light-harvesting chlorophyll (Chl) a/b complexes of photosystem II (LHCIIb) play important roles in energy balance of thylakoid membrane. They harvest solar energy,
transfer the energy to the reaction center under normal light condition and dissipate excess excitation energy under strong
light condition. Many bamboo species could grow very fast even under extremely changing light conditions. In order to explain
whether LHCIIb in bamboo contributes to this specific characteristic, the spectroscopic features, the capacity of forming
homotrimers and structural stabilities of different isoforms (Lhcb1-3) were investigated. The apoproteins of the three isoforms
of LHCIIb in bamboo are overexpressed in vitro and successfully refolded with thylakoid pigments. The sequences of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 are similar and they are capable of forming
homotrimer, while Lhcb3 lacks 10 residues in the N terminus and can not form the homotrimeric structure. The pigment stoichiometries,
spectroscopic characteristics, thermo- and photostabilities of different reconstituted Lhcbs reveal that Lhcb3 differs strongly
from Lhcb1 and Lhcb2. Lhcb3 possesses the lowest Qy transition energy and the highest thermostability. Lhcb2 is the most stable
monomer under strong illumination among all the isoforms. These results suggest that in spite of small differences, different
Lhcb isoforms in bamboo possess similar characteristics as those in other higher plants.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 129-138
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0009-7
Authors
Z. H. Jiang, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, 100102 P.R. China
Z. H. Peng, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, 100102 P.R. China
Z. M. Gao, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, 100102 P.R. China
C. Liu, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 P.R. China
C. H. Yang, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 P.R. China
To determine how the use of a given rootstock can influence the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus of the scion under
salt stress, the growth, gas exchange, photosystem II (PSII) efficiency, xanthophyll cycle, and chloroplast ultrastructure
of nongrafted, self-grafted, and pumpkin-grafted (hereafter referred to as rootstock-grafted) cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants were investigated at day 15 after being treated with 90 mM NaCl. The reductions in plant growth of the rootstock-grafted
plants were lower than those of the nongrafted and self-grafted plants under 90 mM NaCl. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal
conductance, maximal and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, photochemical quenching coefficient, and effective
quantum-use efficiency of PSII in the light-adapted state of the nongrafted and self-grafted plants were significantly decreased
under 90 mM NaCl. However, these reductions were alleviated when the cucumber plants were grafted onto the pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) rootstock. The intercellular CO2 concentrations were significantly increased in the nongrafted and self-grafted plants under 90 mM NaCl, whereas it was decreased
in the rootstock-grafted plants. Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and the deepoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle were
significantly increased under 90 mM NaCl, particularly in the rootstockgrafted plants, suggesting the rootstock-grafted plants
had higher potential to dissipate excess excitation energy and reduce the probability of photodamage to PSII. Under 90 mM
NaCl, the number of grana was reduced, the thylakoids were swollen, and starch granules accumulated in all plants. However,
the damage of chloroplast ultrastructure was alleviated in the rootstock-grafted plants. Taken together, the use of C. moschata rootstock alleviated salt stress in cucumber plants by delaying photoinhibition, probably due to a lower incidence of both
stomatal and nonstomatal factors limiting photosynthesis.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 152-160
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0007-9
Authors
Z. X. Liu, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 P.R. China
Z. L. Bie, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 P.R. China
Y. Huang, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 P.R. China
A. Zhen, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 P.R. China
B. Lei, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 P.R. China
H. Y. Zhang, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 P.R. China
Morphological and physiological traits of Crepis pygmaea L. subsp. pygmaea and Isatis apennina Ten. ex Grande growing at different altitudes in the Gran Sasso Massif (Abruzzo, Italy) were analyzed. The two populations
of C. pygmaea and I. apennina growing at the highest altitude (Cp2 and Ip2 at 2,310 m a.s.l. and 2,350 m a.s.l., respectively) had a lower leaf mass area (LMA) than the two populations growing at
the lowest altitude (Cp1 and Ip1 at 2,250 m a.s.l. and 2,310 m a.s.l., respectively). Leaf tissue density (LTD) had the same LMA trend, decreasing 23 and
10% in C. pygmaea and I. apennina, respectively, from the highest to the lowest altitude. C. pygmaea and I. apennina had the highest photosynthetic rates (PN) in July decreasing on an average 17 and 30%, respectively, in August and 50 and 38%, respectively, in September. Leaf respiration
(R) in Ip1 and Ip2 had the same trend as Cp1 and Cp2, showing the highest rates in September. Global warming could drive C. pygmaea and I. apennina toward higher altitudes in the Gran Sasso Massif. Nevertheless, C. pygmaea with the higher plasticity index (PI) both at physiological and at morphological levels (0.50 and 0.35, respectively) might
have a competitive advantage over I. apennina over the long term.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 15-23
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0006-x
Authors
L. Gratani, Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
R. Catoni, Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
G. Pirone, Department of Environmental Science, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio loc. Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
A. R. Frattaroli, Department of Environmental Science, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio loc. Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
L. Varone, Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
Leaf traits and physiology are species-specific and various with canopy position and leaf age. Leaf photosynthesis, morphology
and chemistry in the upper and lower canopy positions of Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc and Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Turoz in broadleaved Korean pine forest were determined in September 2009. Canopy position did not significantly
affect light-saturated photosynthetic rate based on unit area (Parea) and unit dry mass (Pmass), apparent quantum yield (?), light compensation point (LCP), light saturation point (LSP); total nitrogen (Nm), phosphorus (Pm), carbon (Cm), and chlorophyll content (Chlm) per unit dry mass; leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) for P. koraiensis current-year needles and Q. mongolica leaves. While in P. koraiensis one-year-old needles, Parea, Pmass, ? and LCP in the upper canopy were lower than those in the lower canopy. The needles of P. koraiensis had higher Cm and LMA than leaves of Q. mongolica, but Pmass, Chlm and PNUE showed opposite trend. There were no differences in Parea, LSP, Nm, and Pm between the two species. Needle age significantly influenced photosynthetic parameters, chemistry and LMA of P. koraiensis needles except LCP, LSP and Cm. In contrast to LMA, Parea, Pmass, Nm, Pm, Chlm, and PNUE of one-year-old needles were significantly lower than those of current-year needles for P. koraiensis. The negative correlations between LMA and Pmass, Nm, Pm, Chlm, and positive correlations between Pmass and Nm, Pm, Chlm were found for P. koraiensis current-year needles and Q. mongolica leaves. Our results indicate that leaf nitrogen and phosphorus contents and nutrient absorption from soil are similar for
mature P. koraiensis and Q. mongolica growing in the same environment, while difference in carbon content between P. koraiensis and Q. mongolica may be attributed to inherent growth characteristics.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 56-66
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0005-y
Authors
X. B. Cheng, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016 China
J. Wu, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing, 210042 China
S. J. Han, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016 China
Y. M. Zhou, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016 China
X. X. Wang, Research Station of Changbai Moutain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Erdaobaihe, 133613 China
C. G. Wang, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016 China
J. Zhao, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016 China
Q. H. Hu, Harbin Vocational College of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150030 China
The aim of the study was to investigate the genetic distances and their relationships among pepper species using photosynthetic
features under different stresses and genetic variability. The photosynthetic features under drought, waterlogging and low-temperature
stresses, rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear genome and trnH-psbA sequence of chloroplast genome of 25 varieties from 5 pepper species Capsicum annuum L. (CA), Capsicum baccatum L. (CB), Capsicum chinense Jacquin. (CC), Capsicum frutescens L. (CF) and Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pavon (CP) were analyzed and used to construct the dendrograms. The results showed the photosynthetic rate of different
pepper species could be greatly but differentially decreased by stresses. For example, CB and CF had the smallest and the
highest decrease to drought, CC had the highest decrease to waterlogging, and CP had the smallest decrease to low temperature.
The ITS sequences of 25 pepper varieties are 591–619 bp in length and have GC% between 51.1% and 64.5%. Their trnH-psbA sequences are 537–558 bp in length and have GC% between 27.2% and 28.5%. The cluster analysis of the five pepper species
based on the changes in PN under stresses is similar to that based on genetic variability, that is, CP clusters with CB, and CC clusters with CA after
first clusters with CF. In addition, the clustering methods based on the photosynthetic stress responses and genetic variability
are unable to completely distinguish pepper varieties within the same species. The results indicate that similarly to genetic
variability, changes in PN under stresses (specifically the stress corresponding to the climate of plant’s original habitat) could be used to identify
genetic distance of pepper species.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 49-55
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0008-8
Authors
L. J. Ou, School of Biological Science and Technology, Central South University, Hunan Changsha, 410083 China
X. X. Zou, School of Biological Science and Technology, Central South University, Hunan Changsha, 410083 China
The aim of the current work was to determine whether grafting could improve salinity tolerance of melon and cucumber, and
whether possible induction of tolerance to salt stress was associated with the protection of the photosynthetic apparatus.
Two greenhouse experiments were carried out to determine gas exchange, mineral composition, growth and yield of melon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Cyrano) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Akito) plants, either ungrafted or grafted onto the Cucurbita hybrid rootstocks (Cucurbita maxima Duch. × Cucurbita moschata Duch.), ‘P360’, and ‘PS1313’, respectively. Plants were grown hydroponically and supplied with two nutrient solutions — a
nonsalinized control and a salinized solution which contained 40 mmol L?1 of NaCl. Salinity induced a smaller decrease in leaf area index (LAI), in grafted-compared to ungrafted plants. Similarly,
the PN and gs reduction in NaCl treatment compared to control were significantly lower in grafted plants (34% and 34%, respectively, for
melon and 14% and 15.5%, respectively, for cucumber) compared to ungrafted plants (42% and 40%, respectively, for melon and
30% and 21%, respectively, for cucumber). In all grafting combinations, negative correlations were recorded between Na+ and Cl? in the leaf tissue and PN. Grafting reduced concentrations of sodium, but not chloride, in leaves. Under saline conditions a smaller reduction in melon
and cucumber shoot biomass dry mass and fruit yield were recorded, with positive correlations between shoot biomass, yield
and PN. These results suggest that the use of salt tolerant Cucurbita rootstock can improve melon and cucumber photosynthetic capacity under salt stress and consequently crop performance.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0002-1
Authors
Y. Rouphael, Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Beirut, Lebanon
M. Cardarelli, Department of Agriculture, Forests, Nature and Energy (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
E. Rea, Agricultural Research Council — Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System, 00184 Roma, Italy
G. Colla, Department of Agriculture, Forests, Nature and Energy (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
The effects of shoot girdling on stomatal conductance (gs), leaf photosynthesis (PN), concentrations of carbohydrates, nitrogen and chlorophyll (Chl) in leaves, areal leaf mass (ALM), the diameter and length
of shoots, and bud abscission in pistachio were investigated. Girdling individual shoots at the base of the current year’s
shoot (girdle I), separating inflorescent buds on the terminal current year’s shoot from the developing fruits on the previous
year’s shoot, reduced inflorescent bud abscission by 70% in comparison to nongirdled controls. Girdle I significantly reduced
concentrations of nitrogen in leaves but increased those of nonstructural carbohydrates particularly of starch. Shoot diameter
increased by 13.1% and 26.4% at 33 and 81 days after girdling (DAG), respectively, compared to 1% and 3.4% in the control,
respectively. Both the leaf dry mass/fresh mass ratio and ALM were increased significantly by girdle I from 12 DAG. The concentrations
of Chl a, Chl b, Chl (a+b), as well as the ratio of Chl a/b, all decreased with girdle I. The greatest negative effect of girdle I was on gs and PN. PN was reduced by 55% of its initial value and was 44% less than in the control leaves at 10 DAG, and fell to approximately
30% that of the control from 21 DAG. In contrast, girdling at the base of one-year-old shoots (girdle II), thus not separating
fruits from the inflorescent buds, did not significantly affect gs or PN. The effect of girdling on PN and the possible factors that are involved in the reduction of photosynthesis in pistachio are discussed.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 35-48
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0003-0
Authors
S. N. Vemmos, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens, 11855 Greece
A. Papagiannopoulou, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens, 11855 Greece
S. Coward, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens, 11855 Greece
Low light availability under a forest canopy often limits plant growth; however, sudden increase in light intensity may induce
photoinhibition of photosynthesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecophysiological changes that occur in potted
plants of Minquartia guianensis and Swietenia macrophylla during the acclimation process to full sunlight. We used six full-sun independent acclimation periods (30, 60, 90, 120, 150,
and 180 days) and a control kept in the shade. Shading was obtained by placing plants under the canopy of a small forest.
The Fv/Fm ratio, net photosynthetic rate (PN), the maximum carboxylation velocity of Rubisco (Vcmax), maximum electron transport rate (Jmax), specific leaf area (SLA), and growth were assessed at the end of each of the six acclimation periods. Plant exposure to
full sunlight caused a sudden decrease in the Fv/Fm ratio (photoinhibition) particularly in Minquartia. Photooxidation (necrotic patches) of the leaf tissue was observed in upper leaves of Minquartia. The higher PN values were observed in Swietenia under full sun, about 12 ?mol(CO2) m?2 s?1. Vcmax25 values were higher after 90 days of acclimation, about 14 ?mol(CO2) m?2 s?1 for Minquartia, and 35 ?mol(CO2) m?2 s?1 for Swietenia. At the end of a 180-d acclimation period Jmax25 was 35 ?mol(electron) m?2 s?1 for Minquartia and 60 ?mol(electron) m?2 s?1 for Swietenia. SLA was higher in Swietenia than in Minquartia. In Minquartia, monthly rate of leaf production per plant (MRLP) was positive (0.22 leaf month?1) after four months in the open. Whereas, in Swietenia MRLP was positive (0.56 leaf month?1) after an acclimation period of two months. After six months in the open, height growth rates were 3.5 and 28 mm month?1 for Minquartia and Swietenia, respectively. The greater acclimation capacity of Swietenia was associated to an enhanced photosynthetic plasticity under full sun. In Minquartia, transition to full-sun conditions and lack of physiological adjustment resulted in severe photoinhibition and loss of leaves.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 86-94
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0001-2
Authors
G. F. C. Azevedo, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA/Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Avenida André Araújo, Manaus, AM, Brazil
R. A. Marenco, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação em Dinâmica Ambiental, Laboratório de Ecofisiologia de Árvores, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, 69011-970 Manaus, AM, Caixa Postal 478, AM, Brazil
Attention should be paid to ozone (O3) sensitivity of greening plant since ground-level O3 concentrations are increasing especially in urban and suburban area. We studied the ecophysiological responses to elevated
O3 of four shrub species [Euonymus bungeanus Maxim. (EB), Photinia × fraseri (PF), Chionanthus retusus Lindl. & Paxt. (CR) and Cornus alba L. (CA)], which are often used for garden greening in China. Saplings of those species were exposed to high O3 concentration (70 nmol mol?1, 7 h d?1 for 65 d) in open-top growth chambers. Responses to O3 were assessed by gas exchanges, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence and dry mass. We found that elevated O3 significantly decreased lightsaturated net photosynthetic rate (PNsat), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs). The ratio of intercellular CO2 to ambient CO2 concentration (Ci/Ca) did not reduce under O3 fumigation which suggested that the O3-induced depressions of PNsat under O3 fumigation were probably due to limitation of mesophyll processes rather than stomatal limitation. High O3 exposure also significantly depressed the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry in the dark-adapted
state (Fv/Fm) which meant the O3-induced photoinhibition. Both root dry mass and root/shoot ratios were significantly decreased under
ozone fumigation, but the total mass was unchanged. The responses of gas exchange such as PNsat in these four shrubs to O3 exposure were species-specific. Highest loss of PNsat was observed in EB (?49.6%), while the CR had the lowest loss (?36.5%). Moreover, the O3-exposed CR showed similar gs as CF, reflecting that its O3 flux might be unchanged under elevated O3 environment. Ozone drastically decreased actual quantum yield of PSII (?PSII) and electron transport rate (ETR) in EB while increased ?PSII and ETR in CR. Furthermore, the relative losses in PNsat positively correlated with the relative decreases in ?PSII and ETR which indicated that the impairment of photosynthesis was probably affected by the light reaction process. The light
reaction of EB was impaired most seriously but that of CR was not damaged. All results indicated that EB was probably the
most sensitive shrub species to O3 while CR the most tolerant one. Therefore, CR might be an ideal choice for greening in ozone-polluted areas.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 67-76
DOI 10.1007/s11099-012-0004-z
Authors
L. Zhang, College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai street, 150030 Harbin, P.R.China
B. Y. Su, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 625014 Ya’an, Sichuan, P.R.China
H. Xu, State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, 100093 Beijing, P.R.China
Y. G. Li, State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, 100093 Beijing, P.R.China
Nondestructive approach of modeling leaf area could be useful for plant growth estimation especially when number of available
plants is limited and/or experiment demands repeated estimation of leaf area over a time scale. A total of 1,280 leaves were
selected randomly from eight different morphotypes of som (Persea bombycina) established at randomized complete block design under recommended cultural regimes in field. Maximum leaf laminar width
(B), length (L) and their squares B2, L2; leaf area (LA), and lamina length × width (L×B) were determined over two successive seasons. Leaf parameters were significantly
affected by morphotypes; but seasons had nonsignificant impacts on tested features. Therefore, pooled seasonal morphotype
means of each parameter were used to establish relationship with LA. L and its square L2 did not provide accurate models for LA predictions. Considerably better models were obtained by using B (y = 2.984 + 7.9664
x, R2 = 0.615, P?0.001, n = 119) and B2 (y = 12.784+ 0.9604 x, R2 = 0.605, P?0.001, n = 119) as independent variables. However, maximum accuracy of prediction of LA could be achieved through a simple linear
relationship of L×B (y = 8.2203 + 0.4224 x, R2 = 0.843, P?0.0001, n = 119). The model (LA:L×B) was validated with randomly selected leaf samples (n = 360) of som morphotypes and highly significant (P?0.001) linear function was found between actual and predicted LAs. Therefore, the last model may consider adequate to predict
leaf area of all cultivars of som with sufficient fidelity.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Original Papers
Pages 627-632
DOI 10.1007/s11099-011-0079-y
Authors
S. Chattopadhyay, Regional Muga Research Station, Central Silk Board, Boko, 781 123 Assam, India
A. Tikader, Regional Muga Research Station, Central Silk Board, Boko, 781 123 Assam, India
N. K. Das, Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Central Silk board, Berhampore, 742 101 India
Most organisms inhabiting earth feed directly or indirectly on the products synthesized by the reaction of photosynthesis,
which at the current atmospheric CO2 levels operates only at two thirds of its peak efficiency. Restricting the photorespiratory loss of carbon and thereby improving
the efficiency of photosynthesis is seen by many as a good option to enhance productivity of food crops. Research during last
half a century has shown that several plant species developed CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) to restrict photorespiration under lower concentration of available CO2. CCMs are now known to be operative in several terrestrial and aquatic plants, ranging from most advanced higher plants to
algae, cyanobacteria and diatoms. Plants with C4 pathway of photosynthesis (where four-carbon compound is the first product of photosynthesis) or crassulacean acid metabolism
(CAM) may consistently operate CCM. Some plants however can undergo a shift in photosynthetic metabolism only with change
in environmental variables. More recently, a shift in plant photosynthetic metabolism is reported at high altitude where improved
efficiency of CO2 uptake is related to the recapture of photorespiratory loss of carbon. Of the divergent CO2 assimilation strategies operative in different oraganisms, the capacity to recapture photorespiratory CO2 could be an important approach to develop plants with efficient photosynthetic capacity.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Review
Pages 481-496
DOI 10.1007/s11099-011-0078-z
Authors
S. K. Vats, Biodiversity Divisions, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176 061 HP, India
S. Kumar, Biotechnology Divisions, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176 061 HP, India
P. S. Ahuja, Biodiversity Divisions, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176 061 HP, India
Changes in chloroplastidic pigments, gas exchange and carbohydrate concentrations were assessed during the rapid initial expansion
of C. guianensis leaflet. Leaves at metaphyll stage were tagged and assessments were carried out 14, 17, 20, 23, 27, and 31 days later. Pigments
synthesis, distribution and accumulation were uniform among leaflet sections (basal, median and apical). Chlorophyll (Chl)
a, Chl b, Chl (a+b), and total carotenoids (Car) concentrations were significantly increased after 27 days from metaphyll, and the most expressive
increases were parallel to lower specific leaflet area. Chl a/b was lower on day 14 and it was increased on subsequent days. Negative net photosynthesis rate (PN), and the lowest stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) were registered on day 14, following significant increases on subsequent days. The Chl (a+b) and Chl a effects on PN were more expressive until day 20. Intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration ratio (Ci/Ca) was higher on day 14 and lower on subsequent days, and no stomatal limitation to CO2 influx inside leaflets was observed. Leaflet temperature was almost constant (ca. 35°C) during leaflet development. Sucrose and starch concentrations were increased in parallel to increases in PN. Altogether, these results highlight the main physiological changes during C. guianensis leaflet expansion and they should be considered in future experiments focusing on factors affecting PN in this species.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Original Papers
Pages 619-626
DOI 10.1007/s11099-011-0077-0
Authors
F. K. C. Moraes, Centro de Tecnologia Agropecuária, Instituto Sócioambiental e dos Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Tancredo Neves Av. 2501, Belém, PA 66077-530, Brazil
G. L. S. Castro, Centro de Tecnologia Agropecuária, Instituto Sócioambiental e dos Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Tancredo Neves Av. 2501, Belém, PA 66077-530, Brazil
D. D. Silva Júnior, Centro de Tecnologia Agropecuária, Instituto Sócioambiental e dos Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Tancredo Neves Av. 2501, Belém, PA 66077-530, Brazil
H. A. Pinheiro, Centro de Tecnologia Agropecuária, Instituto Sócioambiental e dos Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Tancredo Neves Av. 2501, Belém, PA 66077-530, Brazil
R. A. Festucci-Buselli, Centro de Tecnologia Agropecuária, Instituto Sócioambiental e dos Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Tancredo Neves Av. 2501, Belém, PA 66077-530, Brazil
Athyrium pachyphlebium C. is a popular ornamental fern with considerable shade tolerance. The aim of this study was to investigate how the mature
sporophytes acclimate to different light levels and to obtain an optimal light environment for their growth both in natural
forest canopy and in urban landscapes. Plant growth and morphology, photosynthetic light-response curves and chlorophyll (Chl)
fluorescence were measured at four different light levels (45% full sunlight, 30%, 20% and 8%). As the light intensities declined
from 45% to 20%, seedling height, crown growth, foliage number and plant lifespan increased significantly. Seedlings grown
at 20% light level were vigorous with great ornamental value. Plants grown in deep shade (8% light) showed severe symptoms
of lodging and in 45% full sun, the plants showed highlight-stress symptoms. Seedlings in high light levels exhibited a higher
light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Pmax), light compensation point (LCP), light saturation point (LSP) and a reduced ability for nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ)
of excess light than those in low light levels. However, seedlings in low light exhibited greater efficiency in absorbing
and utilizing light energy, characterized by higher chlorophyll b (Chl b) and electron transport rate (ETR). These results indicated that a light level of about 20% full sun appeared to be optimal
for A. pachyphlebium when both physiological and morphological performance in the landscape were considered.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Original Papers
Pages 611-618
DOI 10.1007/s11099-011-0076-1
Authors
D. Huang, Department of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 10083 China
L. Wu, Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 China
J. R. Chen, Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 China
L. Dong, Department of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 10083 China
Responses of leaf gas exchange, fluorescence emission, chlorophyll concentration, and morpho-anatomical features to changes
in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were studied in three wild ornamental species of Passiflora L. to select sun and shade species for landscaping projects. Artificial shade was obtained with different shading nylon nets,
under field conditions, which allowed the reduction of 25, 50, and 75% of global radiation, along with a control treatment
under full sunlight. For Passiflora morifolia the highest mean values of light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (PNmax) and light compensation point (LCP) were observed at 50 and 25% shade, respectively, while the highest values of dark respiration
rate (RD) and apparent quantum yield (?) were observed at 75% shade. For Passiflora suberosa litoralis the highest value of Pmax was observed at full sunlight. The highest mean values for Pmax, RD, and LCP for Passiflora palmeri var. sublanceolata were obtained at 25% shade. The highest values of net photosynthetic rate (PN) for P. morifolia, P. palmeri var. sublanceolata, and P. suberosa litoralis were 21.09, 16.15, and 12.36 ?mol(CO2) m?2 s?1, observed at 50 and 75% shade and full sunlight, respectively. The values of the minimal chlorophyll fluorescence (F0) were significantly different in P. suberosa litoralis and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata, increasing with the increase of the irradiance. In contrast, the values of maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) were significantly different only in P. suberosa litoralis, being higher at 75%, progressively reducing with the increase of PPFD levels. The total concentration of chlorophyll (Chl)
was higher in shaded plants than in the ones cultivated in full sunlight. On the other hand, the values of Chl a/b ratio were reduced in shaded plants. A significant effect of shade levels on leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA)
was found for the three species, whose highest mean values were observed at 75% shade. The thickness of foliar tissues was
significantly higher for the three species at full sunlight and 25% shade. These results suggested that P. morifolia and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata appeared to be adapted to moderate shade conditions. P. suberosa litoralis presented higher plasticity to greater variation of the irradiance levels, while the photoinhibition was one of the limiting
factors for this species at full sunlight.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Original Papers
Pages 593-602
DOI 10.1007/s11099-011-0075-2
Authors
M. V. Pires, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (DCB/UESC), Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45650-000 Brazil
A. -A. F. Almeida, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (DCB/UESC), Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45650-000 Brazil
A. L. Figueiredo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (DCB/UESC), Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45650-000 Brazil
F. P. Gomes, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (DCB/UESC), Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45650-000 Brazil
M. M. Souza, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (DCB/UESC), Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45650-000 Brazil
The effects of potassium (K) deficiency on chlorophyll (Chl) content, photosynthetic gas exchange, and photosystem II (PSII)
photochemistry during the seedling stage were investigated in two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars, low-K sensitive Tiefeng31 and low-K tolerant Shennong6. The cultivars were grown hydroponically in
K-sufficient (KS) and K-deficient (KD) solutions. Photosynthetic gas exchange and Chl content in Tiefeng31 were severely affected
by the low K condition, but were almost unaffected in Shennong6. This difference is in accordance with the PSII photochemistry
in the plants, indicating that the photosynthetic apparatus of Shennong6 is more tolerant to low-K stress than that of Tiefeng31.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Brief Communication
Pages 633-636
DOI 10.1007/s11099-011-0073-4
Authors
X. -T. Li, College of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 P.R. China
P. Cao, College of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 P.R. China
X. -G. Wang, College of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 P.R. China
M. -J. Cao, College of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 P.R. China
H. -Q. Yu, College of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 P.R. China
Several studies have found the photosynthetic integration in clonal plants to response to resource heterogeneity, while little
is known how it responses to heterogeneity of UV-B radiation. In this study, the effects of heterogeneous UV-B radiation (280–315
nm) on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of a clonal plant Trifolium repens were evaluated. Pairs of connected and severed ramets of the stoloniferous herb T. repens were grown under the homogeneity (both of ramets received only natural background radiation, ca. 0.6 kJ m?2 d?1) and heterogeneity of UV-B radiation (one of the ramet received only natural background radiation and the other was exposed
to supplemental UV-B radiation, 2.54 kJ m?2 d?1) for seven days. Stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (E) showed no significant differences in connected and severed ramets under homogenous and heterogeneous UV-B radiation, however,
net photosynthetic rate (PN) and maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax) of ramets suffered from supplemental increased UV-B radiation and that of its connected sister ramet decreased significantly.
Moreover, additive UV-B radiation resulted in a notable decrease of the minimal fluorescence of dark-adapted state (Fo), the electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and an increase of nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) under supplemental UV-B radiation, while physiological connection reverse
the results. In all, UV-B stressed ramets could benefit from unstressed ramets by physiological integration in photosynthetic
efficiency, and clonal plants are able to optimize the efficiency to maintain their presence in less favourable sites.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Original Papers
Pages 539-545
DOI 10.1007/s11099-011-0074-3
Authors
Q. Li, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Xi’an, 710069 China
X. Liu, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Xi’an, 710069 China
M. Yue, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Xi’an, 710069 China
X. F. Zhang, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Xi’an, 710069 China
R. C. Zhang, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Xi’an, 710069 China
Seedling performance may determine plant distribution, especially in water-limited environments. Plants of Caragana korshinskii commonly grow in arid and semiarid areas in northwestern China, and endure water shortage in various ways, but little is
known about their performance when water shortage occurs at early growth stages. The water relations, photosynthetic activity,
chlorophyll (Chl) content and proline accumulation were determined in 1-year-old seedlings growing in a 1:1 mixture of Loess
soil and Perlite and subjected to (1) a water deficit for 20 days and (2) kept adequately watered throughout. The water deficit induced low (?6.1 MPa) predawn leaf water potentials (LWP), but did
not induce any leaf abscission. Stomatal conductance (gs), leaf transpiration rate (E), and net photosynthetic rate (PN) decreased immediately following the imposition of the water deficit, while the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem
II (PSII) (Fv/Fm) and the effective quantum yield of PSII (?PSII) decreased 15 days later. An early and rapid decrease in gs, reduced E, increased Chl (a+b) loss, increased the apparent rate of photochemical transport of electrons through PSII (ETR)/PN, as well as a gradual increase in non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence (NPQ) and proline may have contributed to preventing
?PSII from photodamage. C. korshinskii seedlings used a stress-tolerance strategy, with leaf maintenance providing a clear selective advantage, considering the
occasional rainfall events during the growing season.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Original Papers
Pages 603-609
DOI 10.1007/s11099-011-0067-2
Authors
X. W. Fang, MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730000 China
N. C. Turner, Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture, M080, and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
F. M. Li, MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730000 China
W. J. Li, MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730000 China
X. S. Guo, MOE Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730000 China
The extrinsic proteins of photosystem II in plants (PsbO, PsbP and PsbQ) are known to be targets of stress. In previous work,
differential regulation of hypothetical isoforms of these proteins was observed in Nicotiana benthamiana upon viral infection. Each of these proteins is encoded by a multigene family in this species: there are at least four genes
encoding PsbO and PsbP and two encoding PsbQ. The results of structural and functional analyses suggest that PsbO and PsbP
isoforms could show differences in activity, based on significant substitutions in their primary structure. Two psbQ sequences
were isolated which encode identical mature proteins.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Original Papers
Pages 573-580
DOI 10.1007/s11099-011-0070-7
Authors
M. L. Pérez-Bueno, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
M. Barón, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
I. García-Luque, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
Abscisic acid (ABA), an important chemical signal from roots, causes physiological changes in leaves, including stomata closure
and photoprotection. Furthermore, endogenous ABA concentration in leaves and stomatal behavior vary with the species adapted
to different water regimes. In this study, Ficus microcarpa, a hemiepiphyte, Salix warburgii, a hygrophyte, and Acacia confusa, a mesophyte, were used to elucidate the effects of leaf detachment on photosystem II (PSII) efficiency under osmotic- and
high-light stresses. Results indicate that, under osmotic- and high-light stresses, PSII efficiency of the detached leaves
was lower than that of the attached leaves for all three tree species, when compared at the same levels of stomatal resistance
and leaf water potential. Exogenous ABA could mitigate the PSII efficiency decrease of detached F. microcarpa leaves under osmotic- and high-light stresses. Yet, the osmotic stress could raise endogenous ABA concentration in the attached,
but not in the detached F. microcarpa leaves. In addition, partial root-zone drying exerted a significant effect on stomatal behavior but not on the water status
of F. microcarpa leaves. These observations imply that the stronger ability of PSII in the attached leaves of F. microcarpa under osmoticand high-light stresses was probably due to the protective action of ABA from roots. On the contrary, endogenous
ABA level of S. warburgii leaves was very low. In addition, partial root-zone drying produced no significant effect on its stomatal behavior. Therefore,
PSII in attached S. warburgii leaves was possibly protected from the damaging effects of excess absorbed energy by signals other than ABA, which were transported
from the roots.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Original Papers
Pages 555-563
DOI 10.1007/s11099-011-0072-5
Authors
J. -H. Weng, Graduate Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
C. -T. Chien, Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
C. -W. Chen, Department of Life Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
X. -M. Lai, Department of Life Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
The ability of plants to increase their net CO2 assimilation rate in response to increased irradiance is due to morphological and physiological changes, which might be related
to their shade tolerance and leaf ontogeny, but few studies have considered morphology and physiology. Two sympatric oak species
(the shade-tolerant Q. petraea and the comparatively shade-intolerant Q. pyrenaica) were grown in hydroponic solution in low-light (LL) and high-light (HL) conditions. 5 months after leaf expansion under
these conditions, half of the LL plants were transferred to high light (TLH). Transfer of Q. pyrenaica, from low- to high light led to photoinhibition and after 21 days in higher light there was little acclimation of the maximum
rate of carboxylation (VCmax) or the maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax). Q. pyrenaica TLH plants showed lower stomatal conductance at all times compared to plants growing in LL. Stomatal closure was the main
limitation to photosynthesis after transfer in Q. pyrenaica. The increase in evaporative demand upon TLH did not affect hydraulic conductivity of Q. pyrenaica. In contrast, the more shade-tolerant Q. petraea showed a greater degree of acclimation of gas exchange in TLH than Q. pyrenaica and two weeks after transfer gas-exchange rates were as high as in LL plants. In Q. petraea, the most important changes occurred at the level of leaf biochemistry with significant increase in VCmax that decreased the Jmax/VCmax ratio below values recorded in HL plants. However, this potential increase in photosynthesis was at least partially hamstrung
by a decrease in internal conductance, which highlights the importance of internal conductance in acclimation to higher light
in mature leaves. Neither oak species reached the photosynthetic rates of HL plants; however a trend towards leaf acclimation
was observed in Q. petraea while the transfer was harmful to the leaves of Q. pyrenaica developed in the shade.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Original Papers
Pages 581-592
DOI 10.1007/s11099-011-0066-3
Authors
F. J. Cano, Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
D. Sánchez-Gómez, Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
A. Gascó, Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
J. Rodríguez-Calcerrada, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE - UMR 5175, Montpellier cedex 5, France
L. Gil, Unidad Docente de Anatomía, Fisiología y Genética Forestal, E.T.S.I. Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
C. R. Warren, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
I. Aranda, Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Global warming will likely exacerbate the negative effects of limited water availability in the Mediterranean area. The Italian
Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) provenances are distributed along the coasts except Otricoli provenance growing in an unusual location between 300
and 1,000 m a. s. l., in Umbria (central Italy). The aim of the present study was to investigate the photosynthetic response
to a 28-day-long drought and to a subsequent reestablishment of water availability in Otricoli and North Euboea (Greece) provenances,
representing different locations along a rainfall gradient in the natural range of this species. Six-month-old seedlings were
used in this experiment since at this age Aleppo pine plants in Mediterranean climate face their first water stress potentially
affecting plant survival. Water potential (?w), net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance decreased during drought in both provenances and showed minimal values 28 days
after beginning the treatment (DAT). Otricoli seedlings adjusted ?w gradually as the stress level increased and 21 DAT showed a lower ?w than North Euboea. In contrast, in North Euboea seedlings ?w that was not affected until 21 DAT rapidly dropped to a minimum of ?3.81 MPa 28 DAT. At the onset of the stress the intercellular
CO2 concentration (Ci) was reduced, and the “instrinsic” water-use efficiency (WUEi) was enhanced in both provenances, as stomatal conductance decreased more rapidly than photosynthesis. However, 28 DAT, Ci increased and WUEi decreased as stomatal conductance and photosynthesis declined to minimum levels, revealing nonstomatal
limitations of photosynthesis. A rapid decrease in PSII maximal photochemical efficiency estimated by chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence
(Fv/Fm) was also observed when the stress became severe. At the final stage of water stress, North Euboea seedlings maintained significantly
higher values of Fv/Fm than Otricoli seedlings. Upon rewatering, photosynthesis did not fully recover in Otricoli seedlings (41 DAT), while all
other parameters recovered to control levels in both provenances. No drought-induced physiological differences were consistent
with the regional climatic features of these two provenances. Our results suggest that phenotypic plasticity in drought response
may help Otricoli provenance cope with global warming, but that recurrent drought episode may slow down the primary productivity
of this provenance.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Original Papers
Pages 564-572
DOI 10.1007/s11099-011-0068-1
Authors
M. Michelozzi, Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area di Ricerca di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
F. Loreto, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area di Ricerca di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
R. Colom, Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area di Ricerca di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
F. Rossi, Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area di Ricerca di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
R. Calamassi, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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